One or more roughing tools and a finishing tool are usually required for each job. Tools made of cold-rolled steel or stainless steel provide the best wear ratios.

要加工一个工件,通常需要一个或多个粗加工刀具和一个精加工刀具。由冷压钢或不锈钢制成的刀具耐磨效果最佳。

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The energy source for laser beam machining is a highly concentrated beam of light.

激光切削的能量来源于一束高聚焦光。

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When the beam is focused to a small spot, its power density is raised to produce sufficient heat to vaporize any material.

当光束在一个小点上聚焦时,其功率强度得以提高,并产生足够的热量来汽化任何材料。

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However, the rate of metal removal is very small, which limits the use of lasers to hole drilling and cutting operations in relatively thin materials.

不过,由于金属切削量很少,使得激光切削的应用局限于钻孔和较薄材料的切削。

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Two types of lasers are now in common use: solid lasers, which are capable only of providing short bursts of power, and gas lasers, which produce a continuous laser beam.

通常使用的激光器有两种:只能发出短促脉冲的固体激光器和能发出不间断激光束的气体激光器。

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Therefore, the main development trends in the field of machining by cutting and by erosion are as follows.

因此,切削与腐蚀加工的主要发展趋势是如下所述。

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Reduction of material losses concerns both the machined material and the tools.

减少材料浪费涉及到被加工材料和刀具两方面。

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The problem of reducing the wear of cutting tools and eroders (the tools applied in erosion processes)also plays its part.

减少切削刀具和腐蚀器(在腐蚀加工中所用的工具)的损耗同样也很重要。

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Improvement of the quality of machined products means in particular the attainment of the necessary accuracy of shape and dimensions, as well as the optimization of surface layer properties from the point of view of the intended use of the product.

提高加工产品的质量是指如何使产品的形状和尺寸达到必要精确度,以及从产品使用角度上体现的表面层性能优化。

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Raising of the output and reduction of the labor consumption by the machining process, improvement of work safety and comfort.

提高产量并通过改善加工工艺、劳动安全和舒适程度来减少劳力消耗。

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The task of mechanization and automation belongs here, especially the introduction of program-controlled machining. A higher degree of mechanization and automation means higher consumption of energy.

机械化和自动化在此特指程控加工的引进。机械化和自动化的程度越高,耗能就越大。

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Thus there rises the problem of rational and economical use of energy, in particular electrical energy.

由此就产生了如何合理和经济利用能量,特别是电能的问题。

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This problem becomes acute in the case of processes consuming large amounts of energy, such as the erosion processes.

这一问题在耗能较大的生产中,如腐蚀加工,尤为突出。

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The science of metal cutting and erosion should create the theoretical basis for production engineering.

对金属切削和腐蚀加工的研究应为生产工艺提供理论基础。

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In this process the main development trends should be followed and the most advantageous economical solutions aimed at.

在这一过程中,应该跟上主要的发展趋势,寻求最有利的经济加工方法。

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The usual classes of punches and dies may be grouped as follows according to the manner in which they are brought to act upon the material.

冲模通常可按其作用于材料的方式分类如下。

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The radius of the punch and die cutting edges is laid out to produce the desired circular shape without nicking into the circle as the work proceeds.

在工作过程中,冲头与凹模切口的半径定位,确保形成所需的圆形,而不至于在圆边产生“缺口”。

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Drawing dies and similar tools produce the desired shape of work by drawing the flat piece of metal into tubular or other form under an action that causes the material to "flow" under tension.

引伸模及类似工具通过施力,使材料在应力下“转移”,并将金属平板引伸成所需的筒状或其它形状。

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Under this heading are cupping dies, drawing dies, redrawing dies, reducing dies, and bulging dies.

这类工具有:压延模、引伸模、复引伸模、缩径模和凸肚模等。

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In some cases, however, the forming process is closely similar to certain types of drawing operations.

然而,在有些情况下,成形加工与某些引伸加工非常相似。

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