通译文库

(1). "Realism has become the commonly accepted definition of the style of ""modem"" drama, which means from the time of Ibsen in the 1870’s and 1880’s up to the present, and any departure from it has come to be known as stylization."

现实主义已公认为"现代"戏剧的风格(现代戏剧指自)9世纪70年代、80年代易卜生时期到目前为止的戏剧)，任何背离的作法皆被称为风格化。

(2). Foremost among the forms of stylization is expressionism, which presents reality, not as it is, but as how the protagonist sees it.

风格化的各种形式中最突出者首推表现主义，表现派不是如实地反映现实，而是按照主人公的眼光来反映现实。

(3). Today we are going to discuss one of the oldest types of drama,, tragedy,

今天我们要谈的是最古老的戏剧形式之一，悲剧。

(4). Tragedy is as old as recorded history.. Our experience with this genre dates to the classical Greek theater of the fifth century B.C. aristotle, in his Poetics, describes in detail the characteristics of tragedy.

悲剧的历史跟史书记载的历史一样古老。公元前5世纪便出现了古希腊悲剧。亚里士多德在他的(诗学)中对悲剧的特点有详尽的说明。

(5). Tragedy is a sad story with an unhappy ending, is it?

悲剧就是结局悲惨的悲伤故事，是吗?

(6). It’ s more than that, I’m afraid. By convention, tragedy requires an ennobling of the victim besides an unhappy ending. It also requires events of significance and dignity that transcend everyday life.

不只如此吧。照传统的说法，除了悲惨的结尾之外，悲剧要求殉难者都是崇高的。还要求事件重大、神圣，超越寻常的生活。

(7). But can a play with an unhappy or tragic ending have a common person and still be a tragedy?

如果剧的结尾是不幸的或具有悲剧性，但其主人公仅仅是平民百姓，是否也能算是悲剧呢?

(8). "That’s a good question. In fact, there is some debate surrounding the definition of tragedy and the claim that its heroes must be larger than life. Another characteristic that seems to be standard for a tragic hero is what we have called the ""tragic flaw"""

问得好。事实上，有关悲剧的定义和其主角是否非得比常人高大的问题是有争议的。悲剧主角的另一个特点就是我们所谓的"悲剧的缺憾"。

(9). Tragic flaw? It’s new to me.

悲剧的缺憾?我还没听说过呢。

(10). Very simple, it is that attribute of the hero, usually excessive pride, by which he creates his own fall.

它指的是主人公的一种性格，通常是过分傲慢，从而导致了他自己的殒落。

(11). Comedies are plays that makes us laugh. I’m right, aren’t I?

喜剧就是令人发笑的戏剧。我说的对吗?

(12). This description is not always accurate. Many dramas, and even tragedies, have comic moments or scenes. However, comedy is typified by humorous treatment of subject matter, whether or not the subject matter is frivolous.

这种说法有时就不准确。许多戏剧甚至包括悲剧在内都有喜剧性的场面。而喜剧无论题材平凡也罢不平凡也罢，其主要特点是处理题材的手法是幽默的。

(13). Can comedies have serious themes?

喜剧可不可以有严肃的主题呢?

(14). They surely can. and by skillful writing a playwright can cause us to laugh at what is essentially not a funny matter. Sometimes a playwright wishes us to believe we are seeing a comedy. We may laugh throughout the play.

当然可以．剧作家可以高超的写作技巧使我们为一件原本不好笑的事发笑。有时剧作家想让我们相信我们看到的确实是一件引人发笑的事。于是．我们在看戏时就会从头笑到尾。

(15). "Greek theater had its origins in song and dance. about 560 B.C., Thespis, the first actor-dramatist, gave the Greek drama its form.(The English word ""thespian"", meaning ""dramatic"" or ""actor"", comes from him.)"

希腊戏剧源于歌舞。大约公元前560年前，古希腊第一位演员兼剧作家狄斯比斯使希腊戏剧发展成形(英语中thespian一词即出自予他，意为"戏剧的"或"演员")。

(16). The next 150 years were the golden age of Greek drama.

此后150年为古希腊戏剧的鼎盛时期。

(17). The Greek theater were magnificent structures, and had remarkable acoustics. In the beginning no scenery was used. as the theater developed, a skene structure of columns with three en.trance ways was added behind the acting and dancing space.

古希腊戏剧剧场结构恢宏，音响效果极佳。最初是不用布景的。此后随着剧场的发展，在表演舞蹈区竖起了布景用的大柱子，同时为剧场提供三个进口。

(18). "(a number of theater words in English began with the Greeks. Skene has become the English word scene. Theater is from a Greek word meaning ""a place for seeing. "")"

英语中有一些有关戏剧的词语源于希腊。如scene从希腊的skene而来，theater则源于一个希腊词语，意即"观看的地方。"

(19). Compared with the Greek one, the Roman theater was smaller. at Pompeii, two excellent examples of the Roman theater built in 80 B. C. still stand.

与希腊戏剧相比，罗马剧场规模较小。两座建于公元前80年的古罗马剧场至今仍屹立在庞贝，实为罗马剧场的典范。

(20). The drama of the Middle ages began with a simple Latin dialogue spoken in the church. The dialogue grew into recognizable plays later on.

中世纪的戏剧源于教堂内用拉丁语进行的一种简单对话。这种对话后来演变成最初的戏剧。

(21). The Renaissance theater was a period of elaborate spectacle, of few plays and playwrights of lasting importance, and of new playhouses that set the pattern for modern theaters.

文艺复兴时期的戏剧特点是:场景讲究，流传于世的重要剧作和剧作家不多，当时修建的新剧场成了现代剧场的楷模。

(22). More notable, however, were the theaters built at the academies of lemming. In 1584 the Teatro Olimpico was comp!eted.

不过，更为引人注目的是建于学术机构之内的戏院。1584年，奥林匹克戏院建成

(23). "also famous was the Teatro Farnese at Parma, Italy. It sometimes is called the ""first modem theater."" "

同样出名的还有建于意大利帕尔玛的法纳斯剧院。该剧院有时被称为，第一个现代剧院"。

(24). The commedia dell’ arte was the theater of the common .people during the Renaissance. Three dell’ arte characters Harlequin, Pierrot, and Puleinella (later Punch in England)are still well known;

即兴喜剧是文艺复兴时期人民大众喜爱的剧种。三个戏中角色哈利昆，皮埃罗和普莱内拉至今仍家喻户晓(其中普莱内拉后来在英国被称为潘趣)

(25). "and the name of the jesting valet, Zanni(or zany), is used to describe any comic "cutup", on the stage or off. "

今天人们还用剧中插科打诨的男仆扎尼的名字来指剧中或生活中滑稽可笑的事。

(26). Before 1576 there was no proper theater in London. The first one, called simply the Theatre, was built in 1576.

1576年之前，伦敦没有一个正规的戏院。第一个戏院建于1576年，名字就叫"戏院"。

(27). "Many more theaters were built in short order--the Curtain, Rose, Swan, Hope, Fortune, and most important, the Globe. The Globe theater opened in 1599, with ""Julius Caesar"" as one of its first productions."

此后很快连续建成了更多的戏院，如"大幕"，"玫瑰"，"天鹅"，"希望"，"吉星"等，而且最重要的是建成了"环球剧院"。环球剧院1599年开业，首演剧目是<凯撒大帝>。

(28). It staged the first performances of many of Shakespeare’s tragedies.

莎士比亚创作的许多悲剧都是在环球剧院首次演出的。

(29). The plays were acted by the Lord Chamberlain’ s men, later known as the King’s Men.

张伯伦勋爵剧团的演员演出了这些剧目，该剧团后来改称为国王剧团。

(30). Shakespeare was an actor in this company. The great playwright in the world, he is well remembered for his plays.

当时。莎士比亚是这个剧团的一名演员。作为世界上伟大的戏剧家，莎士比亚因他的戏剧而永世留芳。

(31). The English Restoration saw many British actors rise. But who, I wonder, was the most famous and the greatest?

英国王朝复辟时期涌现出不少演员。谁是最有名最伟大的呢?

(32). It was David Garrick who started what he called a natural method of acting.

要数大卫·加里克，他创立了他所谓的自然表演法。

(33). During the 1800s the actor continued to dominate the stage---Edmound Kean, Ellen Terry, and Henry Irving in UK; Fransois Talma and Sarah Bernhardt in France; Edwin Forrest and Edwin Booth in the USa. They were all well-known at that time.

到了19世纪，演员仍然雄踞舞台，像英国的E·基恩、E·特里和H·欧文、法国的F·塔尔马和s·贝纳尔，美国的E·福雷斯特和E·布思等。这些演员当时都是大名鼎鼎的。

(34). A:I hear that in the 19th century in Germany a theater-minded ruler of a town organized a company devoted to theatrical principles now accepted as standard. May I know more?

听说19世纪德国一位热衷于戏剧的镇长组织了一个剧团，这个剧团的表演准则现在被视为表演的准绳。您能给讲讲吗?....(please sign in for more)

(35). He was the duke of Saxe-Meiningen. The primary purpose of production, he said, was to give a true and faithful rendering of the play.

那是德国的梅宁根公爵。他认为演出的主要目的在于真实可信地表现全剧。....(please sign in for more)

(36). There could be no star or chief actors; the entire group must play together like an orchestra. Scenery and costumes must be authentic.

可以没有明星、没有主要演员;全体演员必须像管弦乐队一样密切配合。布景和服装必须真实。....(please sign in for more)

(37). I’m afraid these principles are nothing new.

这些准则现在听起来也不新鲜吧。....(please sign in for more)

(38). But they were revolutionary at that time. That troupe on tour influenced antoine’ s theatre Libre in Paris and Stanislavsky’ s Moscow art Theatre. In return these helped form theater groups in many countries.

但是在当时是有开创意义的。那个巡回剧团曾影响过巴黎安图昂领导的自由剧院，斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基的莫斯科艺术剧院呢。而这两个剧院又反过来促进了许多国家剧团的诞生。....(please sign in for more)

(39). The abbey Players in Ireland, the Stage Society in UK, the Freie Buihne in Germany, the Provincetown Players and the Washington Square Players in the USa.

有爱尔兰的阿贝戏院，英国的舞台艺术学会，德国的自由舞台，美国的普罗文斯顿剧团和华盛顿广场剧团。....(please sign in for more)

(40). From the last group came the present-day Theater Guild and the Little theater movement in the USa.

由上述最后的两个尉团又产生了现在美国的戏剧公会和小剧场运动。....(please sign in for more)

(41). "The 20th century has been a time of invigorating but chaotic experimentation and change. a major part of the theater remains a commercial enterprise. The ultimate expression of this entrepreneurial style is american ""show business""."

戏剧在20世纪中经历了一个令人振奋而又杂乱纷呈的探索和变革。戏剧业的大部仍保持着商业化。这种商业化的最终表现即为美国的"表演行业"。....(please sign in for more)

(42). In Europe and the USa commercial, theater has undergone the vicissitudes of fortune. It has often served well enough as a means for creating outstanding theater; but usually only after having been stimulated by the noncommercial theater.

在欧美，商业化了的戏剧可谓历经沉浮。商业化戏剧不断成功地推出好戏，然而这些好戏却往往是在非商业性戏剧的刺激下出台的。....(please sign in for more)

(43). "Many of the ""free theaters"" contributed to the commercial mainstream and, in some instances, merged with it. "

许多这类"自由戏剧"为商业化的主流推波助澜，有时还融为一体。....(please sign in for more)

(44). "In the English-speaking theater, G. Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)and E. O’ Neill (1888-1953)managed to create major works within the confines of a ""little theater"" movement turned commercial."

在英语戏剧舞台上，英国的肖伯纳(1856-1950)和美国的E·奥尼尔(1888-1953)坚持在"小剧场"运动商业化的情况下创作出了重要的作品。....(please sign in for more)

(45). In the case of musical comedy, the commercial theater did develop a significant art form.

至于音乐喜剧，它确实是商业性戏剧所开发的一种重要的艺术形式。....(please sign in for more)

(46). But, being dominated by business managers, the commercial theater has often lacked artistic continuity, a lack that became increasingly critical in the 1920s.

但是，商业性质的戏剧艺术是听命于那些业务经理的，因而缺乏艺术的连续性，这种缺乏在20年代变得越发严重。....(please sign in for more)

(47). In the business of selling entertainment to the public, the theater could succeed only as long as it offered an interesting product at a reasonable cost.

在向公众兜售娱乐的行业中，只有靠较低的成本推出有趣的产品，才能获成功。....(please sign in for more)

(48). With the advent of motion pictures, and particularly of sound pictures in 1928, the competitive position of the commercial theater was seriously challenged,

电影，特别是1928年有声影片进入市场后，商业性戏剧艺术的竞争地位受到严重威胁....(please sign in for more)

(49). and though this theater continues to function (chiefly in London and New York), it does so in increasingly difficult circumstances.

尽管这种艺术如今仍在生存(主要在伦敦和纽约等地)，但度日愈发艰难。....(please sign in for more)

(50). Concurrently, theaters of revolt, whether of social or artistic revolt, appear, contribute to the mainstream of theater, and then, as often as not, disappear.

与此同时，以反叛为特点的戏剧艺术(无论是对社会的反叛还是对艺术的反叛)往往是先问世，继而成为戏剧主流的一部分，终而大部分消失在舞台上。....(please sign in for more)

(51). National or civic theaters, on the other hand, steadily come into being and endure. Supported by state subsidies, they are considered part of the national heritage.

而民族或民众的戏剧艺术却稳步登上舞台，生存了下来。这些艺术被视为民族遗产，得到了国家的扶持。....(please sign in for more)

(52). Forms of support vary considerably, but there exist in virtually every nation theatrical companies or organizations that are nonprofit in character and public in from.

扶持的形式各不相同，但是实际上几乎每个国家都有形式为公有，非赢利性质的剧团或组织。....(please sign in for more)

(53). Being public, these theaters are expected to assume certain social responsibilities-chiefly to offer the citizenry productions drawn from the national heritage. They are expected to represent the highest dramatic standards of the country.

作为公有的剧团，这些剧团应担负某些社会责任，这主要是将根据民族遗产创作的剧作奉献给人民群众。这些剧团的任务是要代表整个国家戏剧的最高水平。....(please sign in for more)

(54). In the main, the 20th century theater has been an eclectic theater. among the numerous styles of presentation that it has encouraged, two that actually began in the 19th century should be noted.

总的说来，进入20世纪以来戏剧艺术走的是一条折衷的道路。在20世纪涌现出来的众多流派中，有两个实际源于19世纪的流派值得一提。....(please sign in for more)

(55). One stresses the portrayal of outer man and his environment. acting skill is equated with the ability to observe and reproduce the behavior, accent, and dress of contemporary man.

一种流派着重强调表现人的外部特征和所处的环境。演技等同于对同时代人举止，口音，穿着的观察和再现的能力。....(please sign in for more)

(56). antoine. Stanislavsky, the Group Theater (in the USa), all stressed these abilities.

安图昂，斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基及美国的群体戏院无不注重以上这些能力。....(please sign in for more)

(57). The second style, not developed fully until the 20th century, seeks to portray the inner sensibility of man.

第二种流派直到20世纪才完全定型，这种流派力主揭示人的内在情感。....(please sign in for more)

(58). Symbolism, impressionism, surrealism, theatricalism, expressionism, and absurdism are used to express aspects of the sensibility.

为表现这种情感的各个方面，人们采用象征主义，印象主义，超现实主义，夸张派，表现主义和荒诞派的手法。....(please sign in for more)

(59). The Swiss visionary, Adolphe Appia, in the designs that did for Richard Wagner’ s operas , succeeded in demonstrating how three dimensional, nonrepresentational or semirepresentational shapes and selective lighting could create impressions of timelessness and dream.

瑞士的幻想家阿道夫·艾皮亚通过为R·魏格纳所作歌剧进行艺术设计,成功地表现出如何以三维的,非代表性或半代表性的几何形状和经过挑选的灯光创造出超越时间和梦幻的印象。....(please sign in for more)

(60). The German expressionists attempted to create the phantasmagoria of both the individual and the social dream by portraying environment as the vision of the distorted mind.

德国的表现派艺术家试图用扭曲的意象来勾画周围的环境，从而制造出个人和社会梦想中变幻不定的景象。....(please sign in for more)

(61). Responding to these tendencies, designers turned from the box set and its depiction of photographic reality to theatrical expressions of emotional and mental states.

在以上这些潮流的影响下，舞台设计师们不再受到镜框式舞台的束缚，不追求现实生活的平面翻版，转而用戏剧来表现人的情感和内心世界。....(please sign in for more)

(62). "The period of the Yuan dynasty saw a remarkable flowering of zaju, ""variety or miscellany plays"". Not only was there a wide range of themes, but the poetry written as librettos for the arias was of the highest standard."

元朝时，杂剧相当盛行。杂剧不仅题材广泛，唱词也达到了最高水平。....(please sign in for more)

(63). The most celebrated and prolific of the zaju writers was Guan Hanqing, who is regarded by many as China’ s most outstanding playwright.

杂剧最出名最多产的剧作家当推关汉卿，他被许多人认为是中国最伟大的剧作家。....(please sign in for more)

(64). He is credited with baying written over 60 plays, of which 17 have survived.

普遍认为关汉卿创作了60多部杂剧，其中17部保存了下来。....(please sign in for more)

(65). His lively personality is reflected in his work, but his social comment can be seen in what is perhaps his best known work, Injustice Suffered by Dou E or Snow in Midsummer.

从他的作品里可以看出关汉卿的真实性格，而要认识他对社会的抨击恐怕要通过他最出名的剧目<窦娥冤)。....(please sign in for more)

(66). It is a tragic piece about a widow who is falsely accused of murder and is executed following a forced confession, but whose name is cleared in the final act when she reappears in a ghostly form.

这是一个悲剧，讲的是一个寡妇被诬告杀人，屈打成招后被处极刑，然而在最后一幕中她阴魂出现，洗清了不白之冤。....(please sign in for more)

(67). If the story of Dou E is a tragedy, then Wang Shifu’s The Western Chamber is the archetypal love story in which the handsome scholar and beautiful girl, after various adventures, are eventually united.

如果说窦娥的故事是一个悲剧的话，王实甫的<西厢记>便是一个典型的爱情故事:英俊书生和美貌姑娘冲破重重束缚，终成眷属。....(please sign in for more)

(68). another play is Orphan of the Zhao Family, which was known in Europe towards the middle of the 18th and inspired both Metastasio and Voltaire to write plays on the theme of the Chinese child.

另有一剧名为<赵氏孤儿>，此剧18世纪中叶传到欧洲，(意大利作家)梅塔斯塔齐奥和(法国著名文学家)伏尔泰都曾以此为题材写过剧本。....(please sign in for more)

(69). In the course of the Ming dynasty, the zaju began to decline, and by the second half of the 16th century it had been replaced as the major theatrical style by a form of drama from south China.

杂剧从明代开始衰落，到16～世纪后半叶已被另一种来自南方的戏曲取统治地位而代之。....(please sign in for more)

(70). This style was the chuanqi and could be distinguished from its northern predecessor by its music, the extended length of its plays and by its recognizable gentler tone.

这就是(明)传奇。明传奇的音乐与元杂剧不同，且全剧的长度较长，调子明显温和．与以前的北戏有别。....(please sign in for more)

(71). a scholar, Gao Ming, who wrote in the second half of the 14th century, was among one of the playwrights who developed this style and his famous play The Story of the Lute was the best of the early chuanqi pieces.

高明曾中进士，14世纪后半叶曾创作过一些戏曲曲目。他是推动杂剧发展的剧作家之一，他创作的名作<琵琶记>为早期传奇佳作之一。....(please sign in for more)

(72). It explores a theme familiar in popular Chinese writing--the complex problems of that arise when a scholar leaves his home and family and achieves success, position and a second and advantageous marriage in the capital.

该剧反映的是中国民间文学常见的主题:一位书生离家赴试，功成名就，在京城重婚为婿后产生的一系列复杂的矛盾。....(please sign in for more)

(73). " From the middle of the 16th century southern drama moved into a more refined phase as dramatists began to use the music of the Kunqu (literally, ""Kun tunes""; named after the city Kunshan), a form of drama popular in the Suzhou area, "

16世纪中期，戏剧家们开始采用昆曲的首乐(昆圆因昆山而得名，是一种流行于苏州一带的戏剧)。....(please sign in for more)

(74). It soon spread, and by the 17th century it was the supreme style of theatre in the country.

与此同时，昆曲很快流行开来，到17世纪，昆曲在全国占据了主导地位。....(please sign in for more)

(75). and Hong Sheng’ s The Palace of Eternal Youth, which is a powerful presentation of the famous story of the Tang Emperor Xuanzong, and his love for his concubine Yang Guifei.

此外还有洪深的<长生殿>，该剧极成功地将唐玄宗与杨贵妃的爱情传说搬上了舞台。....(please sign in for more)

(76). A number of outstanding plays were written in this style, of which the most notable were Tang Xianzu’ s The Peony Pavilion, a lovestory, linking dream and reality; Kong Shangren’ s The Peach Blossom Fan, which gives a vivid portrayal of the disastrous events when the Ming dynasty fell to the Manchus;

当时涌现出一些好戏，其中最有名的有汤显祖的<牡丹亭)，这是一个梦幻与现实交织的爱情放事;还有孔尚任的<桃花扇>，该戏生动反映了明朝为清所灭所带来的灾难....(please sign in for more)

(77). Numerous local theatrical genres, such as the bang-zi, qin-qiang, and yue-ju, appeared in the 17th-19th centuries.

17～19世纪间，也涌现出许多地方戏曲，如梆子，秦腔和越剧。....(please sign in for more)

(78). The sophisticated Kunqu began to lose ground in the course of the Qing dynasty and virtually disappeared in the middle of the 19th century.

清朝时，高度发展的昆曲开始走下坡路，到19世纪中叶几乎不见踪迹了。....(please sign in for more)

(79). By then, however, a new form of theatre, the Peking Opera, was already in the ascendancy, which was based on many local theatrical forms, including the Kunqu.

到那时，另一种戏曲，平剧却已开始流传开来，平剧是融和许多地方戏包括昆曲而成的。....(please sign in for more)

(80). The Peking Opera emerged in the capital as a distinctive theatrical form in the first part of the 19th century.

平剧是于19世纪初作为一种独特的戏剧形式出现在京城的。....(please sign in for more)

(81). It was a fusion of two musical styles, the xipi and erhuang. Their blending into a new form of theatre have occurred among drama troupes in anhui Province.

平剧融合了两种音乐形式:西皮和二黄。安徽省的戏班子将西形式。....(please sign in for more)

(82). In the first half of the 19th century, as the popularity of the new Peking Opera increased, four ’Great anhui Companies’ dominated the Beijing stage.

19世纪前半期，新出现的平剧越来越流行，四大徽班主宰了京城的舞台。....(please sign in for more)

(83). They introduced a more vigorous style of stage presentation, and their emphasis on acrobatics has been a feature of the Peking Opera ever since.

四大徽班展现了一种更为活泼的舞台表演形式，徽班注重武打的特色被京剧吸收并保留至今。....(please sign in for more)

(84). "This ’military"" phase continued in the second half of the century and the most popular performers of this period were the exponents of the older male roles. The greatest of these performers was Cheng Zhanggeng who was the outstanding Peking Opera actor of the 19th century."

19世纪后半叶，注重武打的风格继续发展，这一时期最红的演员是著名的老生;其中最杰出的是19世纪杰出的京剧演员程长庚。....(please sign in for more)

(85). another exponent of the same kind of roles was Tan Zinpei, whose career stretched into this century and helped in the training of the best-known of all Peking Opera actors, Mei Lanfang.

另一个著名老生是谭鑫培，他一直演到本世纪，并帮助带出了最有名的京剧演员梅兰芳。....(please sign in for more)

(86). Mei was an exponent of the female roles and his fame spread all over China and beyond. His supreme position as an interpreter of female roles indicates that the content of the Peking Opera widened considerably this century,

梅兰芳善演旦角，其名声中外流传。梅兰芳作为刻划妇女印象的宗师这一事实表明本世纪京剧的内涵已有很大的发展，变得相当丰富....(please sign in for more)

(87). And the respect paid to him confirmed the rise in the status of the Chinese acting profession.

而梅兰芳享有的盛誉则表明中国表演艺术工作者的社会地位确已提高。....(please sign in for more)

(88). During the 20th century, people have been reforming the traditional theatre. The theatre buildings have been made more Western in style and there have been many attempts to modify the form of the dramas.

在20世纪里，我国人民一直在改革传统戏剧。戏院的建造更接近西方的戏院，人们多次对戏剧形式进行改良。....(please sign in for more)

(89). Mei Lanfang himself experimented with. plays on contemporary themes presented in a partially realistic way.

梅兰芳自己就尝试过用部分真实的手法将当代题材的剧目搬上舞台。....(please sign in for more)

(90). In the early 20th century modern theater (the spoken plays)took shape under the democratic and revolutionary sentiments. It was formed under the influence of European drama.

20世纪初，新剧(话剧)在民主和革命情绪的影响下逐渐成型。话剧的形成受到西方戏剧的影响。....(please sign in for more)

(91). The first dramatic company, the Spring Willow Society was organized and the first professional dramatic theatre in China, the Spring Sun Society, was established in 1907.

1907年，中国第一个话剧团即舂柳社和第一个专业话剧剧团春阳社成立。....(please sign in for more)

(92). Some attempts were made to modernize the traditional theatre under the influence of the revolutionary May Fourth movement (1919). In 1927 progressive theatrical figures, playwrights, and actors formed the South China Society in Shanghai.

在革命的五四运动(1919)影响下，戏剧界人士对传统戏剧多次进行改进。1927年，进步的戏剧界人士，剧作家和演员在上海成立了南国社。....(please sign in for more)

(93). In 1930 the League of Leftist Theatrical Figures was formed. In 1930’s modern theatres performed The Inspector-General by Gogol, The Thunderstorm by Ostrovskii, The Lower Depths by Corky, a Doll’ s House by lbsen.

1930年，左翼戏剧家联盟成立。30年代，新剧剧场上演了果戈里的<钦差大臣>，奥斯特洛夫斯基的<大雷雨)，高尔基的<底层)及易卜生的<玩偶之家>。....(please sign in for more)

(94). During the anti-Japanese war theatrical works on current subjects and new versions of plays from the traditional repertoire appeared in the liberation regions.

抗战期间，现时题材的戏剧作品和根据传统剧目改编的戏剧出现在解放区的舞台上。....(please sign in for more)

(95). "In the second half of the 1940’ s new works in the genre of the Peking Opera (such as ""The white-haired Girl"")appeared."

40年代后半期，新型京剧(如<白毛女>)出现在舞台上。....(please sign in for more)

(96). After the formation of the PRC in 1949 a committee for theatrical reform was set up.

1949年中华人民共和国成立后，国家成立了戏剧改革委员会。....(please sign in for more)

(97). In 1951 the Instructions of .the State Administration of the Council of the Central People’s Government on the Reform of Classical Drama were published, which set forth the goals of systematizing the repertoire and of reorganizing the training system for actors and playwrights.

1951年，中央政务院有关戏曲改革的指示下达，这个指示提出了整理传统曲目，改组演员和剧作者培训方法的目标。....(please sign in for more)

(98). In 1952 the results of the reform were summed up at the First all-China Review of Theater and Drama.

1952年，在首届全国戏剧调演大会上，改革成果得到检阅。....(please sign in for more)

(99). More than I50 plays were presented in 23 different types of classical Chinese theatre.

调演期间共演出了包括23种戏曲形式在内的150多出戏。....(please sign in for more)

(100). In addition to revised plays, new plays on contemporary subjects using the melodies of local folk theatre were shown. The well-known actors were awarded prizes.

其间不光演出了改编的旧戏，而且还演出了借鉴地方戏曲声腔创作的反映当代题材的新戏。会演期间还为著名演员颁了奖。....(please sign in for more)