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揚子法言|Yangzi Fayan

五百卷第八 - Five Hundred Years

属类： 双语小说 【分类】古汉语经典 阅读：[3560]
五百卷第八 - Five Hundred Years
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五百卷第...

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Five Hundred Years

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或問：「五百歲而聖人出，有諸？」曰：「堯、舜、禹，君臣也而並；文、武、周公，父子也而處。湯、孔子數百歲而生。因往以推來，雖千一不可知也。」

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Someone asked: Every five hundred years a sage appears. Is there truth in this?Yangzi said: Yao, Shun, and Yu were rulers and subjects to one another, all [during] the same era. Wen, Wu, and the Duke of Zhou, were fathers and sons, all during the same era. But Tang and Confucius were born several centuries removed from each other. As for using the past to forecast what is to come, whether it be a thousand years or one year, one cannot know.

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聖人有以擬天地而參諸身乎！

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The sage has the means to emulate Heaven and Earth, himself making a triad with them!

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或問：「聖人有詘乎？」曰：「有。」曰：「焉詘乎？」曰：「仲尼於南子，所不欲見也；陽虎，所不欲敬也。見所不見，敬所不敬，不詘如何？」曰：「衛靈公問陳，則何以不詘？」曰：「詘身，將以通道也。如詘道而信身，雖天下不為也。」

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Someone asked: Does the sage not have times when he is flexible? Yangzi said: He has.The other said: When is he flexible?Yangzi said: As for Confucius’s relationship with Nanzi, she was somebody that he did not want to see. As for Yang Huo, he was somebody to whom Confucius did not want to pay his respects. Yet Confucius saw the one he did not want to see, and he paid his respects to the one to whom he did not want to pay his respects. How could he have not been flexible?The other said: When Duke Ling of Wei asked about the military, why was Confucius inflexible? Yangzi said: Confucius yielded himself to promote the Dao. If it were a matter of yielding the Dao to promote himself, even if he could have got all under Heaven, he wouldn’t have done it.

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聖人重其道而輕其祿，眾人重其祿而輕其道。聖人曰：「於道行與？」眾人曰：「於祿殖與？」

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The sage considers his dao important and treats his salary lightly. The common man considers his salary important and takes his dao lightly. The sage says, "Am I walking the Dao?" The common man says, "Is my salary increasing?"

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昔者齊、魯有大臣，史失其名。曰：「何如其大也？」曰：「叔孫通欲制君臣之儀，征先生於齊、魯，所不能致者二人。」曰：「若是，則仲尼之開跡諸侯也，非邪？」曰：「仲尼開跡，將以自用也。如委己而從人，雖有規矩準繩，焉得而用之。」

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In the past Qi and Lu had great ministers, but history has lost their names.Someone said: Why were they great?Yangzi said: Shusun Tong wanted to formulate new ceremonies for rulers and ministers, and recruited ru from Qi and Lu. There were two men that he could not lure.The other said: If this is so, then was it wrong for Confucius to travel around in search for employment by the feudal lords?Yangzi said: Confucius traveled around and searched, but he did so in order to employ himself. If he had given up on himself and followed others, then even though he had compass and square, level and marking line, how could he have been able to use them?

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或問：「孔子之時，諸侯有知其聖者與？」曰：「知之。」「知之則曷為不用？」曰：「不能。」曰：「知聖而不能用也，可得聞乎？」曰：「用之則宜從之，從之則棄其所習，逆其所順，強其所劣，捐其所能，沖沖如也。非天下之至，孰能用之！」

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Someone asked: In Confucius’s time, did the feudal lords know he was a sage?Yangzi said: They knew it. The other asked: If they knew it, then why did they not employ him?Yangzi said: They were not able to.The other said: They knew he was a sage, yet were unable to employ him. May I hear the explanation for this?Yangzi said: If they had employed him, it would have been appropriate to follow him. If they had followed him, then they would have had to abandon what they already practiced, go against what they were accustomed to following, improve what they degraded, and give up what they were skilled in. It would be like rushing headlong into the unknown. Apart from the greatest ruler under Heaven, who could have employed him?

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或問，「孔子知其道之不用也，則載而惡乎之？」曰：「之後世君子。」曰：「賈如是，不亦鈍乎？」曰：「眾人愈利而後鈍，聖人愈鈍而後利。關百聖而不慚，蔽天地而不恥，能言之類，莫能加也。貴無敵，富無倫，利孰大焉。」

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Someone asked: When Confucius knew that his dao could not be realized, then where did he take it?Yangzi said: To junzi of later generations.The other said: If a merchant were like this, he would be dull-witted indeed!Yangzi said: The more sharply a common man seeks profit, the duller he becomes. The duller the sage becomes, the sharper his profit. He would not feel regrets before a hundred [generations of] sages; he would not be ashamed before the whole world. Among men, none can surpass him. Honor without equal, or wealth without comparison: which profit is greater?

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或曰：「孔子之道，不可小與？」曰：「小則敗聖，如何！」曰：「若是則何為去乎？」曰：「愛日。」曰：「愛日而去，何也？」曰：「由群謀之故也。不聽正，諫而不用。噫者，吾於觀庸邪，無為飽食安坐而厭觀也。由此觀之，夫子之日亦愛矣。」或曰：「君子愛日乎？」曰：「君子仕則欲行其義，居則欲彰其道。事不厭，教不倦，焉得日？」

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Someone said: Is it possible to lower the standards of Confucius’s dao.Yangzi said: Lowering [its standards] would destroy the sage’s dao, would it not?The other said: If this is so, then why did he leave the state of Lu?Yangzi said: He valued his time.The other said: He valued his time and left. Why?Yangzi said: Because of a bunch of slave girls. The ruler of Lu did not listen to his corrections. Confucius remonstrated but [the ruler] would not accept his advice. Confucius sighed, "I am sick of watching this! I will not stuff myself with food, sit at leisure, and watch these girls perform until I’m weary of them!" From this point of view, Confucius indeed valued his time.The other said: Does the junzi value his time?Yangzi said: If the junzi takes office, he wants to implement his yi. If he retires from public life, then he wants to expound his dao. In service, he does not become weary. In teaching, he does not become fatigued. When is there time to waste?

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或問：「其有繼周者，雖百世可知也。秦已繼周矣，不待夏禮而治者，其不驗乎？」曰：「聖人之言，天也，天妄乎？繼周者未欲太平也，如欲太平也，舍之而用它道，亦無由至矣。」

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Someone said: "Should there be those who would succeed the Zhou, even a hundred generations hence could be known." The Qin followed the Zhou, but did not rule using Xia li. Is Confucius’s statement not incorrect?Yangzi said: The sage’s words are Tian. Is Tian wrong? Those who followed the Zhou did not want peace. If they had wanted peace, dispensing with Xia li and using another dao was not the way to get there.

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赫赫乎日之光，群目之用也；渾渾乎聖人之道，群心之用也。

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Brilliant is the light of the sun, it is the means whereby people can use their eyes. Broad and encompassing is the sage’s dao, it is the means by which people can use their xin.

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或問：「天地簡易，而聖人法之，何五經之支離？」曰：「支離蓋其所以簡易也。已簡已易，焉支焉離？」

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Someone asked: Heaven and Earth are easy to understand, and the sage models himself on them. Why, then, are the Five Classics so disordered?Yangzi said: That they are disordered is probably what makes them easy to understand. If they were already easy to understand, why would we go about figuring and sorting out the meanings?

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或曰：「聖人無益於庸也。」曰：「世人之益者，倉廩也，取之如單。仲尼，神明也，小以成小，大以成大，雖山川、丘陵、草木、鳥魯，裕如也。如不用也，神明亦末如之何矣。」

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Someone said: The sage is of no benefit to the common man.Yangzi said: What people of the world see as beneficial to themselves is like a granary. Take from it, and it becomes exhausted. But Confucius possessed daimonic clarity. The petty use it to accomplish their petty goals, the great use it to accomplish their great goals. Whether it be a mountain or river, mound or hill, grass or wood, bird or beast, they all are thus enriched. But if you don’t use the sage’s dao, even daimonic clarity cannot be of benefit to you.

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或問：「聖人占天乎？」曰：「占天地。」「若此，則史也何異？」曰：「史以天占人，聖人以人占天。」

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Someone asked: Does the sage divine about Heaven?Yangzi said: He divines about Heaven and Earth. If this is so, then how is he different from a court astrologer?Yangzi said: The astrologer uses Heaven to divine about man. The sage uses man to divine about Heaven.

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或問：「星有甘、石，何如？」曰：「在德不在星。德隆則晷星，星隆則晷德也。」

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Someone asked: Among astronomer-astrologers there are Gan De and Shi Shen. What do you think about them?Yangzi said: It lies in one’s de, not in the stars. If one’s de flourishes, then the stars become its gnomon. If one’s stars are flourishing, one’s de becomes a gnomon that reflects this.

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或問「大人」。曰：「無事從小為大人。」「請問小。」曰：「事非禮義為小。」

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Someone asked about the great man.Yangzi said: One who does not engage in petty affairs is a great man.May I ask about petty [affairs]?Yangzi said: Affairs that are not li and yi are petty.

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聖人之言遠如天，賢人之言近如地。

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The sage’s words are far reaching like Tian, the worthy’s words are close like Earth.

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瓏玲其聲者，其質玉乎？

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That which produces the tinkling sound of jade—is it not the substance of jade?

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聖人矢口而成言，肆筆而成書。言可聞而不可殫，書可觀而不可盡。

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The sage casually opens his mouth and his words become maxims. He effortlessly wields his brush and his writing becomes a classic. His words can be heard but cannot be used up; his writings can be read but cannot be exhausted.

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周之人多行，秦之人多病。行有之也，病曼之也。周之士也貴，秦之士也賤。周之士也肆，秦之士也拘。

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The men of the Zhou had many accomplishments; The men of Qin had many faults. Accomplishments reach a goal; Faults reach no goal. The shi of the Zhou were honorable; The shi of the Qin were worthless. The shi of the Zhou did as they pleased; The shi of the Qin were constrained.

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月未望則載魄於西，既望則終魄於東。其溯於日乎？

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When the moon is not yet full, its crescent first shines in the West. When it has already been full, its crescent shines last in the east. The moon is probably moving contrary to the sun.

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彤弓盧矢，不為有矣。

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The crimson bow and black arrows—receiving them do not amount to having the Mandate.

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聆聽前世，清視在下，鑒莫近於斯矣。

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Listen carefully to previous generations, Look carefully at what is before your own eyes—There is no mirror closer by than these.

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或問：「何如動而見畏？」曰：「畏人。」「何如動而見侮？」曰：「侮人。」夫見畏與見侮，無不由己。

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Someone asked: How does one act and thereby receive others’ respect?Yangzi said: By respecting others.How does one act and thereby become humiliated?Yangzi said: By humiliating others. The difference between being respected and humiliated comes only from within oneself.

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或問「禮難以強世」。曰：「難故強世。如夷俟、居肆，羈角之哺果而啖之，奚其強？或性或強，及其名一也。」

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Someone said: It is difficult to compel society to obey and perform li.Yangzi said: It is precisely because it is so difficult that you must compel society to obey and perform li. It is like audaciously sitting with ones legs sprawled out, or like a child biting a fruit and gobbling it down. How are these compelled? But whether it’s in one’s nature or whether it is compelled, once one is completely accustomed to it, it is equally natural.

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見弓之張兮，弛而不失其良兮。或曰：「何謂也？」曰：「檠之而已矣。」

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Look at a drawn bow—it will still be good when the tension is relaxed. The other said: What do you mean?Yangzi said: I simply mean that it has been molded to shape.

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川有防，器有範，見禮教之至也。

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For rivers there are levees, for vessels there are molds. From these one can see the indispensability li and education.

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經營然後知幹、楨之克立也。

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Once you survey, then you know where you can put the posts and planks.

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莊、楊蕩而不法，墨、晏儉而廢禮，申、韓險而無化，鄒衍迂而不信。

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Zhuang Zhou and Yang Zhu were reckless and unmethodical. Mo Di and Yan Ying were stingy and dispensed with li. Shen Buhai and Han Feizi were devious and had no power to transform people. Zou Yan was preposterous and not to be believed.

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聖人之材，天地也；次，山陵、川泉也；次，鳥魯草木也。

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The materials of the sage are Heaven and Earth; next he turns to mountains and hills, rivers and springs; and finally, birds and beasts, grass and wood.

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