Trade liberalisation has been accelerated since China’s re-entry application to GATT in 1986, with, some subsidies phased out and some reduction in protection, although there is still here a very long way to go

“中国自1986年申请重新加入关贸总协定以来，已分阶段停止了某些国家津贴并减少对某些贸易的保护措施。虽然改革的道路还很长但贸易自由化的进程加快了。

The Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement: The Boomerang of Competitive Liberalisation ?

澳美自由贸易协议:具有竞争力自由化的自杀?

Australian Agricultural Policy and the Push for Trade Liberalisation

澳洲农业政策与推动贸易自由化

would push ahead with Mr Jiang’s other reforms and economic liberalisation

继续推行江泽民的改革开放政策

Desiring to promote the expansion and progressive liberalisation of world trade and to facilitate investment across international frontiers so as to increase the economic growth of all trading partners, particularly developing country Members, while ensuring free competition

期望促进世界贸易的扩大和逐步自由化，便利跨国投资，以便提高所有贸易伙伴、特别是发展中国家成员的经济增长，同时保证自由竞争

full liberalisation of the fixed-line market

全面开放固网市场

If you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalisation , come here to this gate ... open this gate ... tear down this wall

如果你寻求和平，如果你寻求苏联和东欧的繁荣，如果你寻求自由主义，请来到这扇门前……打开这扇门……推倒这堵墙。

The accord also grants preferential access to the mainland for eight new services, and increases liberalisation for a further 11. It brings to 26 the number of service sectors covered by Cepa.

是次协议开放八个新增服务领域，另外十一个将扩大开放措施。CEPA现共开放二十六个服务领域。

Abroad, too, economic growth and liberalisation is the bedrock of China’s emerging role as an economic locomotive in the Eastern Asian region

同样在国外，中国经济的发展和自由化是它以东亚地区经济火车头角色出现的基础。

Governance and Liberalisation Policy: The Indian Experience

治理与自由化政策:印度经验

||1:Opponents will not give up without a fight.||2:They wield studies that point to increases in consumption and car accidents after laws are loosened.||3:But nowhere is liberalisation resisted more staunchly than in Mormon-dominated Utah, where even strong beer has to be sold through publicly owned stores.||4:Its restrictive distribution system is under the spotlight thanks to an ongoing bid-rigging scandal at the state-run alcohol monopoly.||5:But the forces arrayed against reform are strong, including the speaker of the state Senate and anti-drink-driving pressure groups.||6:The odds of privatisation are “a small fraction of those of seeing a Mormon in the White House,” sighs one lawmaker.

||1:反对者们在做最后的斗争之前是绝不会轻易放弃的。||2:他们挥舞着调查报告称由于法律对酒类销售的放宽使其销售节节攀升并间接导致酒后驾车事故的不断增多。||3:在酒类销售限制方面没有哪个州可以跟犹他州相比，在犹他州即使烈性啤酒也只能在公营商店才能买得到。||4:犹他州白酒专营丑闻的曝光使得其严格的白酒销售网络得以被公开。||5:但是放宽酒类销售的改革还面临着诸多的压力，比如来自国会议员的反对和酒驾团体的抗议。||6:问题的棘手之处在于“白宫里的一小撮反对饮酒的摩门教徒”。

||1:Mr Monti, who served as the EU’s commissioner for the single market and then competition between 1995 and 2004, is a rare creature: an Italian economic liberal.||2:He is not a proponent of harrying Berlin to reflate to boost domestic consumption.||3:But he would like to see the Germans do more to liberalise their own services, to bolster the EU’s single market (indeed, he wrote a report for the commission in May 2010 advocating further liberalisation ).

||1:蒙蒂在1995年到2004年间曾先后担任欧盟内部市场专员和竞争委员会专员，他是一名罕见的意大利经济自由主义者。||2:他并不提倡迫使德国政府再度采用通货膨胀的方式来拉动内需，却想要看到德国努力使其市场自由化，以促进欧盟统一市场的发展。||3:（其实，他在2010年5月就写了一份报告给欧盟委员会来提倡进一步的自由化）。

Yet despite these encouraging signs of liberalisation , no one expects Myanmar’s cyber-awakening to progress at broadband speed.

虽然有这些鼓舞人心的自由开放化迹象，还没有人指望缅甸的网络发展会达到宽带速度。

Nor was he simply right-wing in the traditional sense. If anything, his views were those of Poland’s pre-war Socialist party. He was rather sceptical of big business (not least because of his concern for workers’ rights).|| Free-marketeers found him frustratingly unsympathetic to demands for more liberalisation and less bureaucracy.||

他也不完全是传统意义上的右翼。其观点甚至还源于波兰战前的社会主义政党。他对大财团相当怀疑（由于他关注劳工权利，更是如此）。自由市场论者还发现他对扩大自由化与减少官僚主义的要求无动于衷，令人沮丧。

This liberalisation process has made Portuguese ports better—investment has increased capacity and productivity has improved. But further improvements are needed, according to Rui Marquez and Carlos Cruz of the Technical University of Lisbon, if Portugal is to compete effectively for container ship business.

这一自由化进程使得葡萄牙港口发展得更好——投资增加了其吞吐容量，生产力也得到了改善。里斯本技术大学的瑞马吉是和卡洛斯克鲁兹认为，如果葡萄牙想要在集装箱船业有效竞争的话，还需要采取更多的改进措施。

India Inc’s newer companies rose after a burst of liberalisation back in 1991.

1991年的解放潮后，新企业在印度如雨后春笋般生长。

A tacit pact between the Alawite and Sunni elites is cemented by the skilful doling-out of the fruits of economic liberalisation .

阿拉维和逊尼派头目间的默契则因经济自由化成果的散播而进一步加强。

Egypt’s steps towards economic liberalisation stimulated an appetite for greater opportunity that fuelled discontent with the ruling regime.

埃及走向经济自由化的脚步激发了国民获得更大机会的希望。这种希望进一步点燃了对执政当局的不满。

The recent imposition of further controls by Brazil demonstrates that key countries risk reversing currency liberalisation .

巴西近来加大了对外汇市场的管制，表明关键国家放开汇率的进程面临着倒退的风险。

Mr Paulson said financial services liberalisation was also “very important to China’s balanced growth” .

保尔森表示，放开金融服务业“对于中国的均衡增长也非常重要”。

Their cause was helped earlier this month when China issued landmark rules to flesh out the liberalisation measures.

本月早些时候，中国发布了具有里程碑意义的规定，将银行业开放举措落到实处，对这些外资银行的事业有所帮助。

But arguably the biggest drag on liberalisation is old-fashioned resistance to open markets, plus a dash of reverence for letter writing.

不过，事实上自由化进程缓慢的最主要原因是保守人士对市场开放的抵触以及一定程度上对书信的看重。

Long-time market participants are revising their expectations for full liberalisation from 30-plus years to as little as five or 10.

长期市场参与者正在修正自己对人民币完全放开的预期：从30年以上缩短至短短5年或10年。

In addition, the growth of the financial industry has coincided with the move to floating exchange rates and market liberalisation .

此外，金融业的增长与浮动汇率和自由市场的做法一致。

The underlying rationale of unilateral trade liberalisation had been buried and forgotten long ago.

单边贸易自由化的基本理念早已被埋葬和遗忘了。

But the belief that market liberalisation increases social inequalities is not borne out by the evidence.

但是，这种市场自由化会加剧社会不平等的见解，得不到相应论据的支持。

But still, the government needs to lift confidence, and retail liberalisation could work like a bargain bag of yeast.

但是，政府面对今日局势必须提振信心，使充分自由化的零售业操作起来如交易一袋发酵粉一样简单。

But one aspect of India’s experience after trade liberalisation did not conform to what the researchers had expected.

但是印度在贸易自由化以后的经验有一个方面与研究者的预期不相符合。

But these “traditional own resources” have dwindled thanks to trade liberalisation .

但是由于贸易自由化程度的加深，这些“传统的自有资源”已经逐渐减少了。

But the evidence on the benefits of liberalisation in emerging economies, though not absent, is not as strong as proponents desire.

但在新兴经济体中，显示出自由化益处的迹象，虽然不是没有，但却不如倡导者所希望的那样明显。