Innovation Incentives of the Duopolists in the Downstream Industry for Given Input Supplier Monopolist

给定上游独占垄断时下游厂商的创新激励研究

A Game Analysis of Monopolist on Pricing Strategies of Network Externalities’ Products

垄断企业网络外部性产品定价策略研究

They might feel compelled to buy gas from the monopolist , at least for a while, even at a considerably increased price

至少在一个时期内他们会被迫按大大上涨的价格从这个垄断者手里购买天然气。

||1:Even a reformed monopolist demands scrutiny.||2:It should not be forgotten that Microsoft got where it is today in part through rapacity.||3:Critics argue that in its battle with Slack, a corporate messaging service which competes with a Microsoft product, it is up to some of its old tricks.||4:A growing number of women at the firm are complaining about sexual harassment and discrimination.||5:The new Microsoft is far from perfect.||6:But it has learned some lessons that other tech giants should heed.

||1:即使是经过改革的垄断者也需要审查。||2:我们不应忘记，微软之所以到如今的处境，部分原因在于贪婪。||3:批评人士认为，在与企业通讯服务Slack的竞争中（Slack与微软的一款产品存在竞争），谷歌使用了一些老把戏。||4:公司里越来越多的女性抱怨性骚扰和歧视。||5:新的微软远非完美。||6:但它吸取了一些其他科技巨头应该吸取的教训。

The Epic case may hinge on how the court defines the relevant market. In Apple’s eyes the App Store is part of a broader universe of digital platforms in which it can reasonably claim not to be a monopolist . Epic takes a narrower view, arguing that iPhones are a market unto themselves.

Epic案件的结果可能取决于法院如何界定相关市场。在苹果公司看来，苹果应用商店只是庞大数字平台的一部分，它可以合理地宣称自己不是垄断企业。Epic则持有狭隘的观点，它认为苹果手机本身就是一个市场。

marginal revenue is less than price because the monopolist faces a downward-sloping demand curve

边际收入小于价格，因为垄断者面临向下倾斜的需求曲线？

But operating as a monopolist is a poor way to maintain that edge.

不过以垄断者的身份经营公司来保持这一地位是糟糕的路子。

But another key factor was that he faced a monopolist with massive political power.

但另外一个关键原因在于，他面对着拥有巨大政治力量的垄断势力。

Party leaders have ensured that the ACFTU has a monopolist position.

档的领导人保证全总工拥有垄断地位。

“I wouldn’t call anyone a monopolist , ” replied Mr. Gates, who has frequently been the target of that epithet over the years.

盖茨回答说，“我不会易给任何一个人下这个结论”，而多年来他本身则是独裁这个外号追踪的目标。

At worst, you can say it’s a highly repentant, largely accidental monopolist .

即便是在最坏的情况下，你也只可以说微软是个时常忏悔的意外垄断者。

Although Windows still runs 90% of PCs, the fading importance of the PC means that Microsoft is no longer an all-powerful monopolist .

尽管Windows仍然运行在90%以上的PC机上，但PC机地位的衰落也意味着微软不再是全能的垄断者。

Although it has some power in the market, the ACP is no monopolist , able to hold the world’s shipping lines to ransom.

尽管运河管理局拥有一些市场支配力，可以决定世界航运线的畅通与否，却并不是一家独大。

The Thoughts of Regulating China’s Public Enterprises’ Monopolist Actions

进一步规制我国公用企业垄断行为的思考

Here’s a look at how Apple has shoved Microsoft aside as the company with the worst reputation as a monopolist , copycat and a bully.

来看看苹果如何把取代微软成为最臭名昭著的垄断者、抄袭者、业霸。

The monopolist is the supply-side of the market and has complete control over the amount offered for sale.

垄断者是市场的供给方，它对市场上出售的产量有完全的控制。

Is Apple a monopolist , copycat and bully?

苹果是垄断者、抄袭者、行业霸王吗？

If it is a government bureaucracy or a powerful monopolist , that’s a loathsome but sustainable choice.

如果是一家政府机构，或一个势力强大的垄断机构，这倒是个令人讨厌、但可以持续下去的选择。

Microsoft, the monopolist in software industry, has announced a new line of clothing, in partnership with rapper Common, called Softwear.

软件业的垄断者微软，宣布了一条和说唱歌手Common合作的新的服装生产线，叫做Softwear。

To maximize profits, a monopolist will choose to produce that output level for which marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost

为了最大化利润，垄断者将选择边际收入等于边际成本的产出水平–

Since at the new low price customers will want to buy more than before, the monopolist must expand production, thus losing even more money.

由于价格降低后，顾客的需求会上升，垄断巨头必须扩大生产，因此将会损失更大。

TO ITS opponents, it is a brazen attempt by a crafty monopolist to lock up some of the world’s most valuable intellectual property.

在竞争对手看来，谷歌如同一只精于垄断的老狐狸，厚颜无耻到竟然想把世界最宝贵的知识财富锁进自家柜里。

In every international forum, this socialist state lays claim to being a monopolist on poverty.

在每一个国际论坛上，这个政府都会把贫困归咎于垄断者。

Thus, the price-cost margin is no greater than one, and as a result, a monopolist produces in the elastic portion of demand.

这样，价格和成本的差距不大于1，结果是垄断者将在需求曲线富有弹性部分生产。

An Incentive Mechanism Design and Analysis of Regulating of A Risk-Avoidable Monopolist

政府对一类风险回避型垄断企业价格管制的激励机制设计与分析