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(1). Segregation in cities
城市里的种族隔离
(2). Living in black and white
黑白时代
(3). How different races inhabit cities
不同的种族如何共居于城市
(4). Segregation: A Global History of Divided Cities. By Carl Nightingale.
《种族隔离：城市分裂的全球史》，卡尔·南丁格尔著。
(5). Carl Nightingale’S history of segregation claims to be a detailed account of how cities were, for millennia, divided along racial lines. But it is really a history of how colonialism affected the construction, governance and policing of great urban areas.
卡尔·南丁格尔的这本著作讲述了种族隔离的历史，并据称详细描绘了几千年来，城市是如何在种族界限中分裂的。但事实上，它也是一段有关殖民主义如何影响大城市的建设、政府管治和政策制定的真实历史。
(6). 1: For the past 500 years white Europeans have often used their economic and military power to build and rebuild urban landscapes in order to grab the safest, healthiest and nicest parts for themselves.
2: Even in places where colonial rule is now a distant memory, many urban environments cannot be understood without recalling their foundation as a fortified enclave for Europeans bent on procuring commodities or opening markets.
3: Calcutta (now Kolkata) was set up in 1690 by a member of Britain’s East India Company, in defiance of the local Muslim overlord.
4: It later vied with London as the biggest metropolis in the British empire.
2: Even in places where colonial rule is now a distant memory, many urban environments cannot be understood without recalling their foundation as a fortified enclave for Europeans bent on procuring commodities or opening markets.
3: Calcutta (now Kolkata) was set up in 1690 by a member of Britain’s East India Company, in defiance of the local Muslim overlord.
4: It later vied with London as the biggest metropolis in the British empire.
1:在过去的500年，为便于强取豪夺最安全、最健康、最好的地区，欧洲白人殖民者往往动用经济和军事力量来建造或改建当地城市的风貌。
2:甚至现在，某些地区的人们觉得殖民统治是一段遥远的记忆。但是，如果要完全明白很多城市的环境，我们就不得不追溯至这些城市被创立的时期。满脑子只想着采购商品、开拓市场的欧洲人将这些城市隔离为巩固飞地。
3: 加尔各答（印度城市，原为Calcutta ，现为 Kolkata），由不列颠东印度公司1690年创立，目的在于挑战当地穆斯林霸主。
4:随后，加尔各答开始与伦敦竞争大英帝国的最大大都会的头衔。
2:甚至现在，某些地区的人们觉得殖民统治是一段遥远的记忆。但是，如果要完全明白很多城市的环境，我们就不得不追溯至这些城市被创立的时期。满脑子只想着采购商品、开拓市场的欧洲人将这些城市隔离为巩固飞地。
3: 加尔各答（印度城市，原为Calcutta ，现为 Kolkata），由不列颠东印度公司1690年创立，目的在于挑战当地穆斯林霸主。
4:随后，加尔各答开始与伦敦竞争大英帝国的最大大都会的头衔。
(7). 1: Both colonialism itself and the divided cities it spawned reached their zenith on the eve of the first world war.
2: As Europeans migrated in large numbers to far-flung corners of their expanding empires, the need to keep them comfortable, both physically and psychologically, meant that other groups were treated with ever greater ruthlessness.
3: Mr Nightingale shows how the roots of apartheid in South Africa, for example, are to be found much earlier than the 1948 election victory of the National Party; they lie in the colonial project which led to the creation of Johannesburg half a century earlier with white and non-white areas.
4: This was made much more explicit after 1948—and this shocked a world where racial ideologies and colonialism were being challenged and dismantled.
5: But segregationist zeal did not flare in a vacuum; it built on an existing system of allocating space which reflected the needs of an imperial elite.
2: As Europeans migrated in large numbers to far-flung corners of their expanding empires, the need to keep them comfortable, both physically and psychologically, meant that other groups were treated with ever greater ruthlessness.
3: Mr Nightingale shows how the roots of apartheid in South Africa, for example, are to be found much earlier than the 1948 election victory of the National Party; they lie in the colonial project which led to the creation of Johannesburg half a century earlier with white and non-white areas.
4: This was made much more explicit after 1948—and this shocked a world where racial ideologies and colonialism were being challenged and dismantled.
5: But segregationist zeal did not flare in a vacuum; it built on an existing system of allocating space which reflected the needs of an imperial elite.
1:第一次世界大战前夕，殖民统治和割裂的城市均发展到鼎盛时期。
2:当时，大批迁徙至版图不断扩大的大英帝国的偏远地区的欧洲人，他们需要物质上和精神上都有舒服的状态，这意味着他们变本加厉的无情对待其他种族。
3:书中，南丁格尔先生道出为何人们认为南非种族隔离制度的起源比1948年国民党大选成功得更早。其实，隔离制度早就存在于隔离计划中。早在半个世纪以前，割裂为白人区和非白人区的约翰尼斯堡（位于南非东北部）的创建，就是拜隔离制度所赐。
4:1948年后，种族隔离制度更加毫不遮掩地暴露出来——这让世界为之震惊，因为当时的种族主义和殖民主义的观点都受到挑战，有的也被废除。
5:但是，人们对种族隔离的热情并非空穴来风。隔离制度存在于空间已经被分配的现存体系中，而且反映着帝国精英的需求。
2:当时，大批迁徙至版图不断扩大的大英帝国的偏远地区的欧洲人，他们需要物质上和精神上都有舒服的状态，这意味着他们变本加厉的无情对待其他种族。
3:书中，南丁格尔先生道出为何人们认为南非种族隔离制度的起源比1948年国民党大选成功得更早。其实，隔离制度早就存在于隔离计划中。早在半个世纪以前，割裂为白人区和非白人区的约翰尼斯堡（位于南非东北部）的创建，就是拜隔离制度所赐。
4:1948年后，种族隔离制度更加毫不遮掩地暴露出来——这让世界为之震惊，因为当时的种族主义和殖民主义的观点都受到挑战，有的也被废除。
5:但是，人们对种族隔离的热情并非空穴来风。隔离制度存在于空间已经被分配的现存体系中，而且反映着帝国精英的需求。
(8). Mr Nightingale, a professor at the State University of New York in Buffalo, makes a fair case for studying the emergence of colonial cities as a single phenomenon. More contentious is his argument that modern Chicago presents a comparable example of rich white people forcing racial minorities, especially blacks, to live separately and badly.
居住在布法罗（Buffalo，纽约州第二大城市）的纽约州立大学教授南丁格尔先生，为了保证公平，把殖民城市的出现当做一个简单的现象来研究。更容易引起争论的是，他认为现代的芝加哥市提供了一个可比案例——富裕的白色人种逼迫少数人种，尤其是黑人，住在环境恶劣的隔离地区里。
(9). 1:Mr Nightingale is right to point out that segregation can exist without a formal regime.
2:But he surely underestimates the difference between a country like the United States, where the disadvantaged have legal and political tools at their disposal, and apartheid South Africa where no such tools were available.
3:So powerful is his belief in a handful of “master narratives” that he sometimes shoehorns facts to fit his theories.
4:The demons which haunt his universe are imperial elites, property markets (which he imagines as a causal④agency, not an instrument) and racial ideologies.
5:All of these factors, he believes, operate in a “top-down” and often co-ordinated way to advance the interests of the powerful and marginalise weaker groups.
2:But he surely underestimates the difference between a country like the United States, where the disadvantaged have legal and political tools at their disposal, and apartheid South Africa where no such tools were available.
3:So powerful is his belief in a handful of “master narratives” that he sometimes shoehorns facts to fit his theories.
4:The demons which haunt his universe are imperial elites, property markets (which he imagines as a causal④agency, not an instrument) and racial ideologies.
5:All of these factors, he believes, operate in a “top-down” and often co-ordinated way to advance the interests of the powerful and marginalise weaker groups.
1:南丁格尔先生提出一个好的观点，即把殖民城市的出现当作一个独立的现象来研究。
2:不过显而易见的是，他低估了国与国的不同，比如美国，弱势群体有自主的法律和政治工具，但在种族隔离严重的南非，没有这样的工具。
3:南丁格尔先生对少数“主人公视角”的故事深信不疑，以至于在某些情况下，他试图用部分事实牵强附会地证明自创的理论。
4:让他着魔的是帝国精英、房地产市场（他将其视为一个有因果关系的中介，非一项工具）和激进的意识形态。
5:他坚信，这些因素，一起创造了一个“自上而下”、协调一致的途径，以提高权势群体利益或削减弱势群体的利益。
2:不过显而易见的是，他低估了国与国的不同，比如美国，弱势群体有自主的法律和政治工具，但在种族隔离严重的南非，没有这样的工具。
3:南丁格尔先生对少数“主人公视角”的故事深信不疑，以至于在某些情况下，他试图用部分事实牵强附会地证明自创的理论。
4:让他着魔的是帝国精英、房地产市场（他将其视为一个有因果关系的中介，非一项工具）和激进的意识形态。
5:他坚信，这些因素，一起创造了一个“自上而下”、协调一致的途径，以提高权势群体利益或削减弱势群体的利益。
(10). 1: But not everything can be explained in those terms.
2: For example, the violence which erupted on the streets of Northern Ireland in 1969, and entrenched segregation, may have had its roots in imperial policy, but it clearly had a local momentum of its own.
3: It is nonsense to suggest, as he does, that the Protestant mobs that attacked Catholic areas in the early days of the troubles were “cheered on” by “right-wing British politicians” in London.
2: For example, the violence which erupted on the streets of Northern Ireland in 1969, and entrenched segregation, may have had its roots in imperial policy, but it clearly had a local momentum of its own.
3: It is nonsense to suggest, as he does, that the Protestant mobs that attacked Catholic areas in the early days of the troubles were “cheered on” by “right-wing British politicians” in London.
1:但这些规则并不能解释所有的事情。
2:比如，1969年北爱尔兰大街上爆发的暴力事件和人们心中根深蒂固的隔离制度等发生的根源，也许在帝国政策中能找到，但毫无疑问的是，隔离制度肯定会受到当地势力的扶持。
3:南丁格尔先生认为，在新教暴民袭击天主教区这样的麻烦事发生的早期，伦敦的右翼政治家本应该在旁煽风点火。这完全是废话（因为这种事件本来就受到当地势力的扶持）。
2:比如，1969年北爱尔兰大街上爆发的暴力事件和人们心中根深蒂固的隔离制度等发生的根源，也许在帝国政策中能找到，但毫无疑问的是，隔离制度肯定会受到当地势力的扶持。
3:南丁格尔先生认为，在新教暴民袭击天主教区这样的麻烦事发生的早期，伦敦的右翼政治家本应该在旁煽风点火。这完全是废话（因为这种事件本来就受到当地势力的扶持）。
(11). 1:Mr Nightingale’s view of how power works makes his own task harder.
2:He struggles to deal with the fact that the white elite in both Britain and South Africa were willing to make tactical concessions to non-whites when it suited them; the white workers who went on strike (under the slogan “Workers Unite for a White South Africa”) to stop black workers being promoted in the mines in the early 1920s were brutally suppressed.
2:He struggles to deal with the fact that the white elite in both Britain and South Africa were willing to make tactical concessions to non-whites when it suited them; the white workers who went on strike (under the slogan “Workers Unite for a White South Africa”) to stop black workers being promoted in the mines in the early 1920s were brutally suppressed.
1:此外，南丁格尔先生对权力如何运作的观点让他的写作任务变得难上加难。
2:他无法处理这样的事实——当情况有利时，英国和南非的白人精英都愿意对非白人做出策略性的让步；20世纪20年代初，为了阻止黑人工人升职，一些罢工抗议的白人（打着“工人们联合起来，打造一个白色南非”的口号）劳工也受到了残忍的打压。
2:他无法处理这样的事实——当情况有利时，英国和南非的白人精英都愿意对非白人做出策略性的让步；20世纪20年代初，为了阻止黑人工人升职，一些罢工抗议的白人（打着“工人们联合起来，打造一个白色南非”的口号）劳工也受到了残忍的打压。
(12). 1: In the present day, too, a “top-down” view of power has limits.
2: Take Northern Ireland, where over 90% of a vast public housing stock is segregated by religion.
3: Government officials in London and Belfast would love to change that, but it seems beyond their capacity to challenge the forces that keep most streets “pure”.
4: Urban division in this case is a measure of government weakness, not ruthless strength.
5: Segregation is not always something imposed by those who hold political power over the weak and vulnerable.
2: Take Northern Ireland, where over 90% of a vast public housing stock is segregated by religion.
3: Government officials in London and Belfast would love to change that, but it seems beyond their capacity to challenge the forces that keep most streets “pure”.
4: Urban division in this case is a measure of government weakness, not ruthless strength.
5: Segregation is not always something imposed by those who hold political power over the weak and vulnerable.
1:即使在当今，“自上而下”的权力观也有局限性。
2: 以北爱尔兰为例， 90%以上的庞大公共住房资源以宗教为界限隔离。
3:伦敦和贝尔法斯特的官员很希望改变它，但他们似乎无法挑战各种希望保持....(please sign in for more)
2: 以北爱尔兰为例， 90%以上的庞大公共住房资源以宗教为界限隔离。
3:伦敦和贝尔法斯特的官员很希望改变它，但他们似乎无法挑战各种希望保持....(please sign in for more)
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