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(1). Poverty, crime and education
贫困、犯罪与教育
(2). The paradox of the ghetto
贫民窟的悖论
(3). Unnervingly, poor children seem to fare better in poor neighbourhoods
令人奇怪的是，穷人家的孩子若是生活在贫困区域，表现反而更好。
(4). 1:THE poorest people in Leicester by a wide margin are the Somalis who live in the St Matthews housing estate.
2:Refugees from civil war, who often passed through Sweden or the Netherlands before fetching up in the English Midlands, they endure peeling surroundings and appalling joblessness.
3:At the last census the local unemployment rate was three times the national average.
4:But Abdikayf Farah, who runs a local charity, is oddly upbeat.
5:Just look at the children, he says.
2:Refugees from civil war, who often passed through Sweden or the Netherlands before fetching up in the English Midlands, they endure peeling surroundings and appalling joblessness.
3:At the last census the local unemployment rate was three times the national average.
4:But Abdikayf Farah, who runs a local charity, is oddly upbeat.
5:Just look at the children, he says.
1:生活在Leicester郊区最穷的人是索马里人，他们生活在St Matthews住宅区。
2:在他们来到英国中部之前，作为内战的难民，索马里人经常穿越瑞典或者荷兰。他们忍受环境的盘剥，因没有工作而担惊受怕。
3:在最近的人口普查中，当地的失业率是不列颠全国平均水平的三倍。
4:但在当地从事慈善事业的Abdikayf Farah却莫名的乐观。
5:他说，看看那些孩子就明白我为什么乐观了。
2:在他们来到英国中部之前，作为内战的难民，索马里人经常穿越瑞典或者荷兰。他们忍受环境的盘剥，因没有工作而担惊受怕。
3:在最近的人口普查中，当地的失业率是不列颠全国平均水平的三倍。
4:但在当地从事慈善事业的Abdikayf Farah却莫名的乐观。
5:他说，看看那些孩子就明白我为什么乐观了。
(5). 1:Close to Mr Farah’s office is Taylor Road Primary School—which, it turns out, trumps almost every school in Leicester in standardised tests.
2:Its headmaster, Chris Hassall, credits the Somali immigrants, who insist that their children turn up for extra lessons at weekends and harry him when they seem to fall behind.
3:Education is their ticket out of poverty.
4:Poor district, wonderful school, well-ordered children: in Britain, the combination is not as unusual as one might suppose.
2:Its headmaster, Chris Hassall, credits the Somali immigrants, who insist that their children turn up for extra lessons at weekends and harry him when they seem to fall behind.
3:Education is their ticket out of poverty.
4:Poor district, wonderful school, well-ordered children: in Britain, the combination is not as unusual as one might suppose.
1:紧挨着Farah办公室的是泰勒路小学——这个小学在Leicester地区的标准化测验中的成绩优于本地区绝大多数学校。
2:该校校长Chris Hassall赞叹道，Somali的移民，坚持让他们的孩子在周末补课，而当孩子们的成绩落后的时候，就敦促校长严格要求。
3:教育是他们摆脱贫困的通行证。
4:贫困的街区、完美的学校、秩序井然的孩子们：在不列颠，如此的组合并不是人们通常想的那么稀奇。
2:该校校长Chris Hassall赞叹道，Somali的移民，坚持让他们的孩子在周末补课，而当孩子们的成绩落后的时候，就敦促校长严格要求。
3:教育是他们摆脱贫困的通行证。
4:贫困的街区、完美的学校、秩序井然的孩子们：在不列颠，如此的组合并不是人们通常想的那么稀奇。
(6). 1:And there is new evidence to suggest it is wrong.
2:Researchers at Duke University in America followed over 1,600 children from age five to age 12 in England and Wales.
3:They found that poor boys living in largely well-to-do neighbourhoods were the most likely to engage in anti-social behaviour, from lying and swearing to such petty misdemeanours as fighting, shoplifting and vandalism, according to a commonly used measure of problem behaviour.
4:Misbehaviour starts very young (see chart 1) and intensifies as they grow older.
5:Poor boys in the poorest neighbourhoods were the least likely to run into trouble.
6:For rich kids, the opposite is true: those living in poor areas are more likely to misbehave.
2:Researchers at Duke University in America followed over 1,600 children from age five to age 12 in England and Wales.
3:They found that poor boys living in largely well-to-do neighbourhoods were the most likely to engage in anti-social behaviour, from lying and swearing to such petty misdemeanours as fighting, shoplifting and vandalism, according to a commonly used measure of problem behaviour.
4:Misbehaviour starts very young (see chart 1) and intensifies as they grow older.
5:Poor boys in the poorest neighbourhoods were the least likely to run into trouble.
6:For rich kids, the opposite is true: those living in poor areas are more likely to misbehave.
1:并且有新的证据表明这个观点是错误的。
2:美国杜克大学的研究者追踪了研究英格兰和威尔士超过1600名儿童，从5岁一直观察到12岁。
3:他们发现穷人家的男孩如果生活在生活裕如的邻居边上，很容易进行反社会行为，从说谎、辱骂这样的小过失到诸如打架、偷窃商品和恣意毁坏公共物品的行为。其行为评定的依据是根据常用的问题行为判断标准。
4:这些孩子的行为不端问题起源很早，而在他们长大之后这些问题出现频繁。
5:生活在周遭最贫困环境的男孩最不可能陷入麻烦。
6:对于富家子弟，结论是反过来的：生活在贫穷区域的那些更容易行为不端。
2:美国杜克大学的研究者追踪了研究英格兰和威尔士超过1600名儿童，从5岁一直观察到12岁。
3:他们发现穷人家的男孩如果生活在生活裕如的邻居边上，很容易进行反社会行为，从说谎、辱骂这样的小过失到诸如打架、偷窃商品和恣意毁坏公共物品的行为。其行为评定的依据是根据常用的问题行为判断标准。
4:这些孩子的行为不端问题起源很早，而在他们长大之后这些问题出现频繁。
5:生活在周遭最贫困环境的男孩最不可能陷入麻烦。
6:对于富家子弟，结论是反过来的：生活在贫穷区域的那些更容易行为不端。
(7). 1:The researchers suggest several reasons for this.
2:Poorer areas are often heavily policed, deterring would-be miscreants; it may be that people in wealthy places are less likely to spot misbehaviour, too.
3:Living alongside the rich may also make the poor more keenly aware of their own deprivation, suggests Tim Newburn, a criminologist who is also at the LSE.
4:That, in turn, increases the feelings of alienation that are associated with anti-social conduct and criminal behaviour.
2:Poorer areas are often heavily policed, deterring would-be miscreants; it may be that people in wealthy places are less likely to spot misbehaviour, too.
3:Living alongside the rich may also make the poor more keenly aware of their own deprivation, suggests Tim Newburn, a criminologist who is also at the LSE.
4:That, in turn, increases the feelings of alienation that are associated with anti-social conduct and criminal behaviour.
1:研究者们提出了如下的原因解释这一现象。
2:较为贫穷的区域是警方重点布控的地方，这阻止了孩子们成为恶棍；也可能生活在高档区域的人们较少检举不端行为。
3:伦敦经济学院的犯罪学家Tim Newburn认为，生活在富人旁边也可能会让穷人感觉到自己是被剥夺了。
4:于是，穷人们那种被遗弃的感觉越发强烈，最终导致反社会行为和犯罪行为。
2:较为贫穷的区域是警方重点布控的地方，这阻止了孩子们成为恶棍；也可能生活在高档区域的人们较少检举不端行为。
3:伦敦经济学院的犯罪学家Tim Newburn认为，生活在富人旁边也可能会让穷人感觉到自己是被剥夺了。
4:于是，穷人们那种被遗弃的感觉越发强烈，最终导致反社会行为和犯罪行为。
(8). 1:Research on England’s schools turns up a slightly different pattern.
2:Children entitled to free school meals—a proxy for poverty—do best in schools containing very few other poor children, perhaps because teachers can give them plenty of attention.
3:But, revealingly, poor children also fare unusually well in schools where there are a huge number of other poor children.
4:That may be because schools have no choice but to focus on them.
5:Thus in Tower Hamlets, a deprived east London borough, 60% of poor pupils got five good GCSEs (the exams taken at 16) in 2013; the national average was 38%.
6:Worst served are pupils who fall in between, attending schools where they are insufficiently numerous to merit attention but too many to succeed alone (see chart 2).
2:Children entitled to free school meals—a proxy for poverty—do best in schools containing very few other poor children, perhaps because teachers can give them plenty of attention.
3:But, revealingly, poor children also fare unusually well in schools where there are a huge number of other poor children.
4:That may be because schools have no choice but to focus on them.
5:Thus in Tower Hamlets, a deprived east London borough, 60% of poor pupils got five good GCSEs (the exams taken at 16) in 2013; the national average was 38%.
6:Worst served are pupils who fall in between, attending schools where they are insufficiently numerous to merit attention but too many to succeed alone (see chart 2).
1:对于英格兰学校的研究却有一些不同的情形。
2:有资格接受学校免费午餐—贫困的标志之一 的学生在学校里（没有其他贫困学生）表现最好。这是因为老师可以给予他们足够的关注。
3:不过，也有发现表明，在全是贫困学生的学校里，穷人家孩子的表现也是出奇得好。
4:这也许是因为学校别无他法，只能把关注点都集中在他们身上。
5:在东伦敦一个贫瘠的自治区，Tower Hamlets，60%的穷学生在2013年的GCSE测验（16岁开始测验）中得到5的好等级，全国平均水平是38%。
6:表现最差的是不算很贫穷但又不是很富裕人家的孩子，在所就读的学校，他们的人数没有多到可以得到关注，但想要出人头地他们的人数又太多了。
2:有资格接受学校免费午餐—贫困的标志之一 的学生在学校里（没有其他贫困学生）表现最好。这是因为老师可以给予他们足够的关注。
3:不过，也有发现表明，在全是贫困学生的学校里，穷人家孩子的表现也是出奇得好。
4:这也许是因为学校别无他法，只能把关注点都集中在他们身上。
5:在东伦敦一个贫瘠的自治区，Tower Hamlets，60%的穷学生在2013年的GCSE测验（16岁开始测验）中得到5的好等级，全国平均水平是38%。
6:表现最差的是不算很贫穷但又不是很富裕人家的孩子，在所就读的学校，他们的人数没有多到可以得到关注，但想要出人头地他们的人数又太多了。
(9). 1:Mr Cheshire reckons that America, too, provides evidence of the limited benefits of social mixing.
2:Look, he says, at the Moving to Opportunity programme, started in the 1990s, through which some poor people received both counselling and vouchers to move to richer neighbourhoods.
3:Others got financial help to move as they wished, but no counselling.
4:A third group received nothing.
5:Studies after 10-15 years suggested that the incomes and employment prospects of those who moved to richer areas had not improved.
6:Boys who moved showed worse behaviour and were more likely to be arrested for property crime.
2:Look, he says, at the Moving to Opportunity programme, started in the 1990s, through which some poor people received both counselling and vouchers to move to richer neighbourhoods.
3:Others got financial help to move as they wished, but no counselling.
4:A third group received nothing.
5:Studies after 10-15 years suggested that the incomes and employment prospects of those who moved to richer areas had not improved.
6:Boys who moved showed worse behaviour and were more likely to be arrested for property crime.
1:Cheshire认为，美国也有证据表明混合社会的局限性。
2:他认为，在始于20世纪90年代的“奔向机遇”的项目中，通过这个项目，一些穷人在搬去与富人为邻之前接受了咨询和金融券。
3:一些人正如期待的那样得到了金融帮助，但是没有接受咨询。
4:第三组什么也没获得。
5:经过10年到15年之后，研究表明，收益和就业都得以保障的那些人并没有任何提升。
6:搬过去的男孩子表现出更严重的行为问题，并且更可能因为金钱犯罪而被逮捕。
2:他认为，在始于20世纪90年代的“奔向机遇”的项目中，通过这个项目，一些穷人在搬去与富人为邻之前接受了咨询和金融券。
3:一些人正如期待的那样得到了金融帮助，但是没有接受咨询。
4:第三组什么也没获得。
5:经过10年到15年之后，研究表明，收益和就业都得以保障的那些人并没有任何提升。
6:搬过去的男孩子表现出更严重的行为问题，并且更可能因为金钱犯罪而被逮捕。
(10). 1:Another probable explanation lies in the way that the British government hands out money.
2:Education funding is doled out centrally, and children in the most indigent parts tend to get the most cash.
3:Schools in Tower Hamlets receive 7,014 ($10,610) a year for each child, for example, compared with the English average of 4,675.
4:Secondary schools also get 935 for each poor child thanks to the “pupil premium” introduced by the coalition government.
5:Meanwhile Teach First sends top graduates into poor schools.
6:In America, by contrast, much school funding comes from local property taxes, so those in impoverished areas lose out.
2:Education funding is doled out centrally, and children in the most indigent parts tend to get the most cash.
3:Schools in Tower Hamlets receive 7,014 ($10,610) a year for each child, for example, compared with the English average of 4,675.
4:Secondary schools also get 935 for each poor child thanks to the “pupil premium” introduced by the coalition government.
5:Meanwhile Teach First sends top graduates into poor schools.
6:In America, by contrast, much school funding comes from local property taxes, so those in impoverished areas lose out.
1:另外一个可能的解释跟不列颠政府的资金流向有关。
2:教育基金的支出是集约式的，最需要援助的孩子会得到最多的资金。
3:Tower Hamlets的学校每个孩子每年可以获得7014英镑。而英格兰....(please sign in for more)
2:教育基金的支出是集约式的，最需要援助的孩子会得到最多的资金。
3:Tower Hamlets的学校每个孩子每年可以获得7014英镑。而英格兰....(please sign in for more)
(11). 1:As the Duke University researchers are keen to point out, all this does not in itself prove that economically mixed neighbourhoods are a bad thing.
2:They may be good in other ways—making politicians more moderate, for example.
3:But the research does suggest that the benefits of such districts are far from straightforward.
4:Patterns of social segregation reflect broader social inequality, argues Mr Cheshire, who has written a book about urban economics and policy.
5:Where mixed neighbourhoods flourish, house prices rise, overwhelmingly benefiting the rich.
6:Spending more money on schools in deprived areas and dispatching the best teachers there would do more to help poor children.
7:Assuming that a life among wealthy neighbours will improve their lot is too complacent.
2:They may be good in other ways—making politicians more moderate, for example.
3:But the research does suggest that the benefits of such districts are far from straightforward.
4:Patterns of social segregation reflect broader social inequality, argues Mr Cheshire, who has written a book about urban economics and policy.
5:Where mixed neighbourhoods flourish, house prices rise, overwhelmingly benefiting the rich.
6:Spending more money on schools in deprived areas and dispatching the best teachers there would do more to help poor children.
7:Assuming that a life among wealthy neighbours will improve their lot is too complacent.
1:杜克大学研究者尖锐地指出，所有这些并不能证明，经济混合社区就是个坏东西。
2:他们也许会在其他方面有益—比如让政客们更为中和。
3:不过这些发现这些区域的益处表现得并不明朗。
4:社会分离的....(please sign in for more)
2:他们也许会在其他方面有益—比如让政客们更为中和。
3:不过这些发现这些区域的益处表现得并不明朗。
4:社会分离的....(please sign in for more)
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