"Derived from a Greek root meaning ""to imitate,"" meme describes how ideas mimic the behavior of genes , propagating not from body to body but by leaping from brain to brain."

"Meme衍生于一个表示""模仿""的希腊语词尾。它描述思想如何模仿基因的习性,从大脑转变到大脑,而不是从躯体遗传到躯体。"

which kind of person you are depends partly on experiences you’ve had and partly on your genes

"美国科学家纳德·克林说，"你属于哪一类取决于你以往的经历和你的基因。

(Why proteins, which start as long, simple chains of amino acids manufactured by genes , spontaneously fold into the shapes they do remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in modern biology.)

(为什么蛋白质是以基因制造成的长长的氨基酸单链开始，而又会自动地折叠成它们以后的各种形状，仍是现代生物学上一个最大的未解之谜)。

epistasis:an interaction between nonallelic genes , especially an interaction in which one gene suppresses the expression of another.

〞异位显性:非等位基因的相互作用,尤其是一个基因对另一个基因所表现的显性现象.〞

Since 1997, researchers have managed to extract mitochondrial DNA from three neanderthal skeletons. The genes appear to have diverged from the modern human lineage about 500, 000 years ago, way too early for Stone Age whoopee

1997年以来，研究人员设法从三具尼安德特人的骨架中提取线粒体DNA，其基因显示他们与现代人支系的分离已有50万年。其分离之路远早于石器时代。

DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, is the substance that carries the coded messages of heredity--0ur genes

DNA、即脱氧核糖核酸，是带有遗传密码信息的物质一一我们的基因。

It is the chemical substance of genes . Its structure, with two strands wound around each other in a double helix to resemble a twisted ladder, was first described (1953)by Francis Crick and James D. Watson.

DNA编码带有遗传讯息，决定着遗传性状的传递。1953年华生和克里克确定其分子结构为双条长链相互盘旋形成双螺旋的聚合物，每条链由一长串的单体核酸组成。

A chromosomal segment of DNA that regulates the activity of the structural genes of an operon by interacting with a specific repressor.

DNA中的染色体元素DNA中的染色体，它是通过与一特殊的约束因子相互作用而控制遗传子结构基因的行为

“G” stands for “genetically” from the word “genes ”. “M” stands for “modified”, which means, “changed “.

G代表“基因”，源自“genes”一词，M代表“modified”，意为“变更”。

This boom in cancer drugs owes its beginnings to one of this century’s greatest scientific insights: that cancer is caused not by depression or miasmas or sexual repression, as people at various times have believed, but by faulty genes .

癌症药物的迅猛发展，归功于本世纪最重要的科学见解之一:癌症并不是像人们以往想象的那样由于抑郁、空气污染或禁欲造成，而是由变异的基因造成的。

By this reasoning, freedom equals the parts of our nature not determined by our genes , a sort of flower the blooms after our genes have done their tyrannical worst

按照这样的逻辑，自由就等于我们的天性中不由基因决定的那些部分，是在我们的基因极尽专横跋扈之能事之后绽放的花朵。

shrimp may soon be given disease-fighting genes taken from sea urchins

不久也许可以给虾配上从海胆提取的抗病基因。

A unit of gene activity consisting of a sequence of genetic material that functions in a coordinated manner by means of an operator,a promoter,and one or more structural genes .

操纵子一个由一系列基因物质组成的基因活动单位，它的作用是通过DNA中的染色体、促进剂和一个或多个有机基因来调制类型

Damage caused by pests is incredible. The European corn borer, for example, destroys 40 million tons of the world’s corn crop annually, about 7% of the total. Incorporating pest-resistant genes into seeds can help restore the balance.

虫害带来的损失令人难以置信。例如,欧洲玉米螟每年毁掉4000万吨玉米,占世界玉米总产量的7%。把抗虫害的基因植入种子可以帮助避免这一损失

This is true for conventional plant breeding, which involves moving genes from one plan to another by pollination.

传统的植物育种通过传粉的方法把基因从一个植物转移到另一个植物上而体现了这种愿望

Theoretically, experiments with genes that confer resistance to disease or herbicides could create hardier weeds

从理论上说，用含有抗病或抗除草剂的基因进行试验，可能产生更难于对付的杂草。

However, the prospect of adding EPO genes to an athlete’s own DNA would bypass such tests

但是，将来的技术可以在运动员自身的DNA中植入EPO基因，从而使运动员逃过这种检测。

It is more difficult to use, rDNA technology when the genes have not yet been identified and several genes must be transferred.

当许多没有被鉴定的基因需要转移时,DNA技术则显得更加困难。

The parasite population opposing vertical resistance may undergo stepwise development controlled by many genes

抵抗垂直抗性的寄生物种群可能要经历许多基因控制的步增发育。

Spider-Man never explains why scientists would tinker with a spider’s genes , but real-world geneticists are altering animal genes to fight real villains

电影《蜘蛛侠》根本没有解释为什么科学家会改动蜘蛛的基因，但是现实世界的遗传学家却正在改变动物的基因来对付自然界的真正坏蛋。

Can the brachytic dwarf gene or the bushy genes be used to advantage in cultivars designed for high density plantings?

短枝矮化基因或灌丛状基因能有利于品种高度密植的设计吗?

The genome sequencing projects in Arabidopsis, rice and in other crops will, over the coming decades, provide a rich source of characterized genes to modify plants in a number of ways.

对拟南芥(Arabidopsis)、水稻和其他作物进行基因组序列测定的研究项目，将在未来的数十年为用多种方法改良植物提供已被定性基因的丰富来源。

Any of a group of nonallelic genes ,each having a small quantitative effect,that together produce a wide range of phenotypic variation.

多基因一种非等位基因，每一个基因都有很小量的效果，这些效果合在一起产生出很多种表现型变异

Most plants carry a large "genetic load" for deleterious recessive genes of which a few are homozygous and depress growth

多数植物带有大量有害的隐性基因的“遗传负荷”，其中少数是纯合的，因而降低了生长。

The reappearance of a characteristic in an organism after several generations of absence,usually caused by the chance recombination of genes .

返祖现象，隔代遗传机体特征在几代缺失后重新出现，通常由基因重组引起

How do parents pass genes on to their offspring?

父母是怎样把基因遗传给自己的子女的?

The International Olympic Committee (IOC)experts now say the science of gene therapy--in which genes are added to the human body--is poised to radically change sport

国际奥林匹克委员会(IOC)的专家就指出，基因治疗技术--将基因植入人类身体中--随时会使体育运动变得面目全非。

Unquestionably, acidity is also modified by other genes , regardless of any major gene effects

毫无疑问，不管酸度受任何主基因的影响酸度同样由其它的基因所修饰。

The dark-hair genes are epistatic to the red hair locus

黑发基因对于红发基因位点来说是上位遗传的。

Many genes are involved in the formation of anthocyanin pigments in the aleurone

糊粉层中花青素的形成涉及到许多基因。

late genes

[病毒]晚期基因

early genes

[病毒]早期基因

lethal genes

n.致死基因

pseudo genes

n.假基因

jumping genes

跳跃基因

allelic genes

n.同位基因

modifying genes

n.修饰基因

duplicate genes

n.重复基因

polymeric genes

等 效异位基因

holandric genes

n.全男性基因,全雄基因

homomeric genes

n.同数基因

viviparous genes

n.母株上萌发的基因

cumulative genes

n.累积基因

battery of genes

基因的套组

non-allelic genes

n.非等位基因

overlapping genes

重叠基因

compensator genes

代偿基因

homoallelic genes

n.同质等位基因

allelomorphic genes

n.等位基因

heteroallelic genes

异等位基因

assortment of genes

n.基因配列

genes for expression

n.表现基因

balanced lethal genes

平横致死基因

absolute lethal genes

n.完全致死基因

crossing-over of genes

基因交换

immune suppressor genes

免疫抑制基因

dosage relations of genes

基因的剂量关系

gene immune response genes

免疫反应基因

geometric effects of genes

基因的乘积式作用