中英文地名和人名建议选择专门化的地名译典或人名译典;有些缩写词在缩写词典中更容易查到;

    grudging查询结果如下:

    音标:['ɡrʌdʒɪŋ]
    名词复数:grudgings 词频:低频词
    基本释义/说明:adj.吝惜的;不情愿的;勉强的,
    详解 词库 双语句典 英文释义 韦氏词典 英文百科 wiki词典 英文句库
    a.
    ①吝啬的;
    be grudging of money
    吝啬金钱.
    ②恶意的;怀恨的;
    ③不愿的;勉强的;
    a grudging admission
    勉强的允许.
    She was very grudging in her thanks.
    她的感谢非常勉强.
    -扩展释义
    扩展解释:
    1. 勉强的;不情愿的
    Animosity had given way first to grudging concessions of admiration and then to worried solicitude for Lindbergh’s safety(Warren Trabant.
    敌意首先向敬意做了不情愿的妥协,接着对林柏格安全的担心做了让步。(华伦·特拉班特)
    adj. 【计算机】
    吝惜的
    -同义词和反义词

    词性:adjective

    例句1. she offered a grudging apology’

    反义词系列1
    -grudging的不同词性形态

    形容词 变体/同根词

    Full of grudge.
    “His testimony this week, considering he has been silent for so long, was at best rambling and at times grudgeful.”
    “May God spare you from the deceitful deeds of all those who are grudgeful and backward.”
    Without grudges.

    名词 变体/同根词

    One who bears a grudge.
    The state or quality of grudging.
    Someone who holds a grudge.

    动词 变体/同根词

    To be unwilling to give or allow (someone something). [from 16th c.] || (过时的,旧时用法) To grumble, complain; to be dissatisfied. [15th-18th c.] || (过时的,旧时用法) To hold or harbour with malicious disposition or purpose; to cherish enviously. || (过时的,旧时用法) To feel compunction or grief.
    “Maximising profit is in the nature of the animal, and if we want democratic choice, we cannot grudge commercial media exercising theirs.”
    “Ah well, I don’t grudge her that moment of bitter victory.”
    简典